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Tobacco Use and Exposure to Secondhand Smoke among Students in Cambodia: Global Youth Tobacco Survey, 2003 and 2016

Sin Sovann^1,  Chhea Chhordaphea^1,  Mina Kashiwabara^2,  Yel Darvuth³, Krishna Mohan Palipudi^4,

 1. National Center for Health Promotion Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia

 2. Technical Officer, Tobacco-free Initiative, Division of NCD and Health through the Life-Course, World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific

3.. Technical Officer, Tobacco Free Initiative, Mental Health and Substance Abuse

NCDs and Health throughout the Life Course (NHL), Office of the WHO Representative in Cambodia

4. Global Tobacco Control Branch, Office on Smoking and Health, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

*Corresponding author: Sin Sovann, Email: sovann_sin@yahoo.com

Comparison of Laboratory Detection of Influenza Virus Using Rapid Test and Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Daraden Vang¹*, Heng Sopheab², Bunkea Tol³
1. Health System Research Center, National Institute of Public Health, Cambodia
2. School of Public Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cambodia
3. Epidemiology Unit, National Center for Entomology and Parasitology
*Corresponding author: Daraden Vang, Email: daradenvang@yahoo.com

Abstract

Introduction
Influenza infection is one of the most common infectious diseases caused by the influenza viruses. It is an important public health problem in the world and also in Cambodia. This study aims to compare the prevalence of influenza virus detected by Immuno-chromatography technique (Rapid test) with Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and specifically to determine and compare the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) of the two techniques among patients with acute undifferentiated febrile illness (AUFI).

Methods
We used the existing data from the cross-sectional study in six provinces: Kampong Speu, Kandal, Svay Rieng, Kratie, Ratanakiri, Stung Treng, and in which it covered 13 health centers. This surveillance was collected 2469 samples from January until December 2013 and we compared the influenza virus detection prevalence by RealTime Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT- PCR) and Immuno-chromatography technique (Rapid test).

Results
Of the total 2469 samples collected, male accounted for 49.3%, and female 50.7%. The mean age was 19.6 years old (SD = 16.3) and ranged from 2 to 96 years old. The positive cases detected by Rapid test and PCR was 11% (248/2469) and 21% (520/2469) respectively. We found that most positive cases were from Kampong Speu province for both techniques, Rapid Test 41.5% n=103 and RT-PCR 32.1 % n=167. In Kratie, we found no positive case by Rapid test, but Real Time PCR could detect up to 6.9% positive cases. We also found more positive cases from June - August (7.7% - 16.9%) and October- November (29.4% – 17.3%). We detected a relatively low sensitivity of Rapid test if compared to RT-PCR 48% (95% CI: 38% - 58%) and Positive Predictive Value of 23% (95% CI: 15% - 32%) for Influenza A virus. However, specificity and Negative Predictive Value of Rapid Test is high at 82% (95%: CI 73% - 89%) and 93 % (95% CI: 86% - 97%) respectively.

Conclusion
RT-PCR is one of the best methods for diagnosing Influenza Virus because of their high sensitivity and the ability to subtype the virus species. However, a positive result by Rapid test could provide a rapid confirmation of influenza case which help facilitate patient’s treatment and quick initiation of antiviral therapy. But a negative test would require further confirmatory techniques using more standard tests for confirmation of influenza. This study shows that RT-PCR is the test of choice for detecting Influenza Virus. We also observed that high prevalence of Influenza Virus was found between July to November from both rapid test and RT- PCR, with significant different from the rest of the year. This might be due to the rainy season and early dry-windy season that take place from July through November.

Maintaining Food Security and Adequate Protein Intake Reducing Stunting among In-School Adolescence in Cambodia

Kanha Sar,  Darapheak Chau, Pichenda Koeut

Assessment of the Distribution of the Energy Intake among Children Aged 6-12 Years Old across Socio-Economic Status in Siem Reap Province, Cambodia.

Naro Kong, Heng Sopheab, Chhorvann Chhea

Retrospective Analysis of Internal Quality Control of Biochemistry Tests in the National Public Health Laboratory between 2015 and 2016

THESIS'S ABSTRACT

Chansamrach Tous, Darapheak Chau, Vanthy Ly

School of Public Health, NIPH

Comparison of characteristics and mental health among drug users who experienced living in rehabilitation center and in the communities

THESIS ABSTRACT

Sovanthida Suy1*, Heng Sopheab1, Chhorvann Chhea1

1. School of Public Health at the National Institute of Public Health